HAND DRAWING

Lettering

While we need to DRAW clearly and accurately to convey information, when
we need text, it must also be clear and accurate.

Hand drawings are hand-labeled. Good pencil-control skills in lettering (we know letters) help us sketch our drawings much better (we are learning drawings).

ASSIGNMENT:

• • Read LETTERING
  • Print and complete the WORKSHEET – Lettering

Hand Sketching

Hand sketching is VERY quick and ideal for working out ideas
before drawing them super accurately on the computer.

When I fabricate things, I usually sketch my ideas out by hand on paper, or even in chalk on a concrete floor.

When the idea and design is a “keeper,” I’ll draw it out in Computer Aided Design (CAD).

A large part of this course is brainstorming and design. Developing good sketching skills is vital to your success in this course!

Need help sketching something? Ask! I’m more than happy to help.

ASSIGNMENT:

• • Sketch 5 items from around the room in a variety of different views
  • Place a 10mm border around your drawing
  • Place a 10mm title strip across the bottom, with your NAME, the TITLE, and the DATE
  • Letter PROPERLY and staple multiple sheets together!!!

Top 4

OBLIQUE

Graffiti Tag

The first “proper” styles of drawing is “OBLIQUE.” I like to think of this as Kindergarten 3D.

If you start with a straight-on 2D drawing, add 45° lines to give it some depth and finish it off in 3D, you get a proper Oblique Drawing. These are quite easy to draw.

Oblique tends to look somewhat “distorted,” since the lines of depth do not converge on a vanishing point (that is, it doesn’t look like it’s getting smaller the further away it goes).

One way to make the drawing look less distorted is to draw the depth half size. Full-depth is called “Oblique Cavalier” and half-depth is called “Oblique Cabinet.” Circles will become ellipses, and are a bit tricky to draw.

Click for larger image

Oblique Drawings are a good choice to show what an object looks like. It is not the best method for production drawings (drawings used to build or fabricate the object).

ASSIGNMENT:

• • Read THEORY – Pictorial
  • Research some Graffiti Tags, and brainstorm your name in 5 different font styles on one sheet of paper
  • Draw a good copy in Oblique drawing format (draw a 10mm border around your drawing, with a title strip across the
    bottom)
  • Use “cheater paper” under blank paper to help with the 45° lines

Print and mark yourself, then bring your product and mark sheet to your instructor

Top 10

ISOMETRIC

Isometric is still not the best style for Production Drawings, but they are better than Oblique for showing the object are the “distortion” appears to be much less.

ASSIGNMENT:

• • Read THEORY – Pictorial
  • Pick any 6 from the HANDOUT
  • Draw your images on a BLANK sheet of paper, with a copy of
    WORKSHEET – Isometric Grid behind it to use as CHEATING PAPER (this
    gives you the correct angles and lines to use as a GUIDE)

• • Place a 10mm border around your drawing
  • Place a 10mm title strip across the bottom, with your NAME, the TITLE, and the DATE
  • Letter PROPERLY and staple multiple sheets together!!!

THEORY – Equipment

• • Read THEORY – Equipment
  • Complete WORKSHEET using Printable Scales

ORTHOGRAPHIC

Orthographic Drawings show two or more straight-on views of the object. They do NOT show depth or 3D; every view is straight-on. They usually have a FRONT view, and whatever auxiliary views needed to convey ALL the required
information.

Typically, they have three views: FRONT, TOP, & RIGHT SIDE.

These are the most difficult to understand, but once you wrap your head around them, they are pretty easy to draw.

It is important to have all your views line up, and the details within the views line up. Make sure the widths and lengths are the SAME on their corresponding views.

ASSIGNMENT:

• • Read about THEORY – Orthographic
  • Pick any 6 from the
    WORKSHEET – IsoOrtho
  • Draw your images on a BLANK sheet of paper, with a copy of
    WORKSHEET – Isometric Grid behind it to use as CHEATING PAPER (this gives you the correct angles and lines to use as a GUIDE)
  • Place a 10mm border around your drawing
  • Place a 10mm title strip across the bottom, with your NAME, the TITLE, and the DATE
  • Letter PROPERLY and staple sheets together!!!

Introduction to AutoCAD

Today, with computers, designs can be quickly and accurately drawn, and changes can be quickly and easily done (with hand drawings, a significant change might require the entire drawing to be re-drawn!).

The current trend is “Solid Modeling,” where components are built on the computer as a 3D object, assembled on the computer, and even tested by the computer before any material is put into production. While there are MANY kinds of CAD software available (we use Fusion360), if you can use ONE, you can use them all – they are all very similar.

We will be using AutoCAD, the “industry standard” design software. You can download a copy for yourself for free here: http://students.autodesk.com/.

• • Becoming familiar with AutoCAD
  • Follow AutoCAD Basics Intro

• • Setting up the drawing
  • Follow AutoCAD Basics 1
  • Assignment #1

• • Assists and Changes
  • Follow AutoCAD Basics 2
  • Assignment #2

• • You have mastered AutoCAD Basics!
  • Prove your Prowess by dominating this final assignment!
  • Click AutoCAD Basics 3

OSNAPS

OSNAPS are special snaps that allow you to snap to certain parts of your ENTITY (drawing), instead of GRID.

Some OSNAPS are “on” by default. You can open and change the defaults:

• • Type OSNAP and hit ENTER (SPACE acts the same as ENTER – I find SPACE easier to use)
  • I find it a bit easier to just type the OSNAP I need just before I click (ie: “MID” for midpoint attach, “QUA” for quadrant attach, “perp” for perpendicular attach, etc.)

Using OSNAPS makes drawing in CAD much, MUCH MUCH faster and EASIER – from now on: DO NOT USE SNAP; force yourself to OSNAP.

IMPORTANT TIP #4:Get used to using OSNAPS – your drawings will go MUCH faster.

LAYERS

What are Layers?

Layers are like drawing on clear plastic where each layer of plastic is a different layer of drawing

When and Why are Layers Used?

When drawing in CAD you are always drawing on a layer – it may be the default layer.

Each layer has color, linetype, lineweight (thickness), and plot style that can be set

You can use layers to organize your drawing into groups of objects such as linetypes (centerlines, object lines, etc.) or in the case of home design you can have layers like walls, electrical components, plumbing, appliances, roof, furniture, etc.

You can turn certain layers off (or freeze them) when you no longer need them or when you do not want to print (plot) that layer with the rest

Type LA to enter the Layer Properties Manager – it will pop up on the left side of your screen.

Right Click on the right hand pane to create a new layer

You can also change the linetype and line Color as appropriate

You can turn layers on or off, freeze or thaw, lock or make them current

Note: The 0 (zero) layer is a SPECIAL LAYER that is usually used to draw BLOCKS (items that are used over and over such as a light switch symbol in architectural drawings).

When you bring a block in that has been created on the “0” layer it will take on the properties of the layer you are currently working on (the current layer).

All drawings have a “0” layer and it CANNOT be renamed or deleted

TITLE BLOCK

Every drawing you do will need a title block.

Instead of drawing a new title block for every drawing, you can draw ONE, and then import it, complete with all your layers, colours, line types, name and everything already loaded.

AutoCAD even allows us to add the Drawing Title, Date, and any other information we want into our title block so all the text looks awesome (this is SO easy, and saves us SO much time).

ASSIGNMENT: TITLE BLOCK TUTORIAL

You will be designing your own awesome LOGO to make your title block uniquely yours!

SCALE YOUR TITLE BLOCK TO FIT EACH DRAWING – NEVER SCALE YOUR DRAWING TO FIT THE TITLE BLOCK!!

MASTERING CAD

• • Right-Click on GRID-1.DWG, and SAVE to your H:\ drive, then open in AutoCAD
  • Click THIS DRAWING to see what it’s supposed to look like.
  • USE all the MODIFY and DRAW commands to complete the drawings as shown
    (Review AutoCAD Basics 3)
  • Explore, Experiment, Experience
  • Need help? Ask! I’m happy to help.

GETTING FASTER

Offset will be your friend here, as well as learning some quick-key shortcuts using X,Y co-ordinates

Follow the TUTORIAL step-by-step

I can do this drawing in less than 10 minutes. Can you?

DESIGN

Orthographic Drawings are best suited for complex designs and fabrication as they show the most specific detail
and dimensions

You will be designing, drawing and printing a picture of unique vehicle. You may choose from the following:

• • Space vehicle
  • Land vehicle
  • Aircraft
  • Water vehicle

Your design must show the SIDE and TOP views.

Your design MUST be VERY detailed

Use magazines, books or the internet to research some designs, but YOU must come up with YOUR OWN idea!

• • Brainstorm at least 5 different, unique, detailed designs, on ONE piece of paper
  • Pick your best design, and present your sketches to your instructor. Be prepared to give a “sales pitch”
    to explain why you chose your design
  • Use grid paper to hand draw a high quality orthographic of your vehicle design
  • Use a CAD program to draw your vehicle
  • Insert your border and title block and scale to fit
  • Print to “Extents” with the printer set to “Landscape”
  • Get a marks sheet from your instructor and do a self-assessment of your drawings, then hand in everything.

Most Creative

DIMENSIONING

Dimensioning is one of the MOST IMPORTANT parts of Drafting – LEARN THIS!

ONLY show the dimensions you NEED to show to BUILD the object – NOTHING MORE

DO NOT DIMENSION EVERY SINGLE LINE THAT EXISTS! – Be lazy! Only the work you HAVE to

NO REDUNDANT DIMENSIONS (never dimension the same thing twice!)

AS MUCH AS YOU CAN on one view, WHATEVER YOU NEED on another view, and the LAST VIEW IS NAKED

All Manufacturing and Fabrication industries depend on Drafting. Without Drafting, nothing can be manufactured.

The “drawings” that companies use to “Work” from are called “Working Drawings.” A Working Drawing must have enough
information that someone could build the object as specified.

A Working Drawing must include:

• • All the necessary views to explain the shape
  • All the dimensions and specifications needed to build the object to size, using the proper materials

ASK YOURSELF – “Can this object be built without further instructions?”

Extension Lines DO NOT touch the object

Overall dimensions are OUTSIDE smaller dimensions and SHALL NOT CROSS

Do not duplicate dimensions

Do not duplicate dimensions

Do not duplicate dimensions

• • First: on the front view
  • Secondly: on the top view (though in this example, the end view is more clear)
  • Lastly: only if needed, on the side view

Dimension to CORNERS is better than LINES

DO NOT Dimension to hidden lines

HOLES are dimensioned by DIAMETER (you use a drill to cut them)

YOU MUST DIMENSION HOLE CENTERS!!! (Where is the hole located??)

ALL-IN-ONE-EXAMPLE:

Part I

• • FIRST – Go back and read everything you just skipped, figuring you’ll “figure it out along the way.” Don’t make me sad.
  • RIGHT-CLICK Dimensioning.dwg, and SAVE to your files. Open in AutoCAD.
  • Dimension as shown to the right (Click for larger image)PAY ATTENTION TO WHAT YOU’RE DOING, SO YOU’RE LEARNING THIS
  • Pay particular attention to the EXTENSION LINES and their GAPS on the drawings
  • Keep it NEAT and TIDY, and EFFICIENT
  • “LEADER” will end up being too small: Change PROPERTY setting “Overall scale” to 4 for this drawing.
    • Change Dimension Settings by any of the following:
      • Typing “DIMSTYLE”
      • Typing “D”
      • Clicking [SETTINGS] from the Drop-Down-Menu and clicking [DIMENSION SETTINGS]
      • Double-Clicking the [SETTINGS] on the right, on the Status Bar at the bottom of the screen

Show your instructor for marks!

Click for larger image

DIMENSIONING DRAWING II

Part II

• • Open these previous drawings of yours
  • Dimension them in a CLEAR and EFFICIENT manner
  • Re-read the notes on dimensions above, that you clearly skipped. Just like this sentence. Then redo them according to the actual instructions.
  • Show them to your instructor:

STOP! Get your instructor to check NOW!

STOP! Get your instructor to check NOW!

STOP! Get your instructor to check NOW!

Show these three drawings to your instructor for marks!

IMPORTANT TIP #7: Dimensioning must be CLEAR and EFFICIENT – Make it CLEAR and EFFICIENT

This allows you to very specifically and accurately (and quickly!) lay out lines and locations with absolute
precision and perfection.

The CAD world uses the Cartesian Grid System. Remember in Math when you graph, with x,y and 0,0 is at the bottom
left of the graph paper? Yep. Same here.

Angles are done using Polar Co-Ordinates. They are measured in the graph starting horizontally right (0°) and
rotate counter-clockwise. Straight up would be 90°, horizontally left would be 180°, and straight down
would be 270°. Straight down could also be -90° (just a different way of looking at it).

Use these methods of drawing in your assignments from now on – they will really really improve your speed in CAD.
Start with these following two assignments.

CO-ORDINATE ENTRY

MAPLE LEAF

Follow: TUTORIAL – Maple Leaf and SHOW YOUR INSTRUCTOR FOR MARKS

Click for larger image

• • Draw using co-ordinate method
  • Use Parallel (offset), Trim and Mirror
  • Insert your title block and scale it to fit

Same mark sheet for both House and Plane – Have your instructor mark this ON SCREEN

IMPORTANT TIP #8: Use COORDINATE ENTRY as much as possible – it speeds things up!

ROOM PERSPECTIVE

In this activity you design and draw a room using one-point perspective.

Perspective Drawings are best suited for presenting ideas and designs as they show the most realistic appearance.

These drawings use one or more vanishing points to make objects get smaller the further they are away from us.

1. Brainstorm at least 5 different rooms. The rooms can be….
   • • A bedroom
     • An entertainment room
     • A kitchen
     • A garage
     • _____________?? (give me your “sales pitch” for approval)
   • And must include…
     • 3 walls with something on each wall (pictures, windows, etc)
     • A ceiling with a light fixture
     • A floor with furniture and a floor covering
     • A door
2. Hand draw your BEST design on a printed CAD Template as your
   “graph paper.” Your drawing must be VERY detailed.
3. You will need to use ceiling and floor lines to help locate edges of your furnishings
4. The more detail you do now, the easier the next step will be
5. CAD draw your room using the CAD Template
6. Be sure to use TRIM as well as ENTITY/OBJECT SNAPS
7. Every line you want shown must be drawn
8. Try importing bitmap pictures! (Such as movie posters, pictures of your pet iguana, etc.)
9. When you are ready to print, turn off the graph by typing “LAYERS” then “OFF” then “GRAPH”
10. Print to “EXTENTS” with the printer set to “LANDSCAPE”

SECTIONING

A section view starts as a typical drawing, except it is drawn as if a portion has been cut off and removed to make things more visible.

A section view must tell the viewer WHERE the cut is taking place and WHICH way to look. This is called the
Cutting Plane Line, and without it, the drawing will not make sense.

The Cutting Plane Line

• • REQUIRED for all section views
  • The line that shows where the object is cut open
  • The arrows indicate the direction of sight

Once you set the Cutting Plane Line, you can then “cut off” the material to show what’s inside.

There are six types of Section Views, used wherever they BEST show the MOST information.

The Full Section

• • Shows the entire object cut through the middle, showing the inside
  • The Cutting Plane Line arrows show the direction of view

The Offset Section

• • Same as the full section, except the cutting plane is offset to pass through several inside parts of the object
  • NOTE: You do not show the line of the offset

The Half Section

• • Where the cutting plane passes part way through the object
  • Useful for showing both the interior and exterior of an object in one view

The Broken Out Section

• • Where only a partial section of a view is needed
    • NOTE: The line drawn is a freehand line
    • This is one of my favourite types of section views. I don’t know why I like it so much.

The Revolved Section

• • The shape of the cross section of a bar, arm, spoke, or other object may be shown with a revolved
    section (as if a thin slice is taken out and turned sideways)

The Removed Section

• • Similar to the revolved section but the sections are placed off the object with a centerline designating where the section comes from
  • Also the Sections may be off to one side and a letter designation given to identify the location the section came from

Section Symbols

To further clarify the object has been sectioned, we need to assign some crosshatching (or “fill”). Different hatch patterns are used depending on what the material is that we are sectioning. Here are some common types of hatch:

Sectioning Activity

• Part 1
  • OPEN your AUTOCAD TUTORIAL 2 drawing (the chair with the bullet hole)
  • Section the END view, right through the center of the hole
  • DRAW in the CUTTING PLANE LINE on the FRONT view
  • Show center lines, but NOT hidden lines, on the section view
• Part 2
  • OPEN your SHIFTER drawing
  • Pick the BEST VIEW to section
  • Pick the BEST TYPE of section to perform
  • Show center lines, but NOT hidden lines, on the section view
  • DRAW in the CUTTING PLANE LINE on the APPROPRIATE view
  • Be sure you actually read this notes above as well as this assignment before you hand it in for marking, or I will point this sentence out to you.

PACKAGING DESIGN

The design “tool” of choice in most cases is a CAD program like the one you are using for this challenge.

In this activity you will design, model and market a Product Packaging.

What makes this even more of a challenge, is that you must design the package such that it can be printed and folded together from ONE piece of card stock. This kind of design is called a “Stretch Out.”

• BRAINSTORM at least 5 sketches to help establish the design of your product packaging. Give an idea how the package will be decorated.
  
  • HAND DRAW your best brainstorming idea using blank paper and a grid as a “stretch-out.” Include:
    • Glue tabs
    • Fold lines
    • Dimensions
    • Decoration details
    • Assemble your product – make sure it works!
• CAD DRAW a full size “stretch-out.” Your finished product must include all the detail requirements so that once it’s printed, it needs no further detail other than assembly
  
  • PRINT and ASSEMBLE the model onto coloured card stock. Be sure to add a viewing window out of transparancy.
    • Glue tabs
    • Fold lines
    • Dimensions
    • You should be able to assemble your product
    • Decoration details

    

  • (IF YOU WANT A B): ADD some really nice, creative colour to your project
  • (IF YOU WANT AN A):
    • Option 1: DRAW an Isometric View advertising poster for your product using either CAD or HAND drawing. Your finished poster must include:
      • Product name in a cool font
      • A sales pitch to sucker people into buying it
      • A price
      • Your company name and contact information

       

    • Option 2: Design and 3D Print your packaged product, which will be placed inside your packaging.
    Print and mark yourself, then bring your product and mark sheet to your instructor

Your finished Product Packaging must include the following:

• • Design and artwork that suits the product
  • A viewing window (use transparancy)
  • A bar code (use polyline – you can change the line width) OR a QR Code
  • Two languages (just like ALL packaging in Canada has English AND French. Use babelfish.altavista.com or equivalent)
  • A company name (“BrainCo”)
  • A company logo
  • Any other information, pictures, slogans, mottos, philosophies, endoresements, that are necessary to sell
    the product
  • An appealing font (not CAD default)

Top 20